History of Pakistan Pakistan Studies 9th Notes Chapter 4 in English Short question | Long question.
Pakistan Studies 9th Notes Chapter 4 Short question | Long question
History of Pakistan Pakistan Studies 9th Notes Chapter 4 in English Short question | Long questionQ.2 i) Mention the three items due to which establishment of Pakistan was an important event?
Answer:
The establishment of Pakistan on 14 August 1947 remind the struggle in the history of Asia, which aimed not only to get rid of the long British slavery but the establishment of a new Islamic Country in Indo-Pak subcontinent. The establishment of Pakistan is considered an important event due to the following causes:
- Establishment of Pakistan by constitutional and political efforts.
- Liberation from British slavery
- Establishment of a new state with the name of Pakistan in British India.
Q.2 ii) What were the golden principles highlighted by Quaid-e-Azam to solve the initial problems of Pakistan?
Answer:
The first Governor General of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam not only made constitutional efforts in the freedom movement and for the establishment of Pakistan but also made the country stable by working hard. Some guiding principles highlighted by Quaid-e-Azam are:
- He not only persuaded the people to be patient but also took practical step for the settlement and the rehabilitation of refugees.
- He specified a great part of the Budget for the defense of the country and tried to solve the disputes with India and Afghanistan peacefully.
- Quaid-e-Azam in his address on 13 June 1948 advised the people to avoid the provincial and racial prejudice. He instructed the civil servants to perform duties as servant of the people, and adopt such attitude that the people may feel that you are not the rulers but servant of the nation.
- Quaid-e-Azam together with Liquate Ali Khan determined some guiding principles which aimed the establishment of a society based on equality and social justice to make strong the status of Pakistan.
- Quaid-e-Azam played a vital role in inclination of young generation towards education. He tried to give feelings to the youth that the young generation is the future of a nation. He insisted upon the young people to give attention only to education and to avoid the agitation politics for the prosperity and existence of the country.
Q.2 iii) What decision was taken for the accession of the states at the time of partition of India?
Answer:
There were 560 princely states in British India before partition but according to Third June plan 1947; these states were given an option to live independently or to accede with either one of the two states, Pakistan or India. Under this principle, Bahawalpur, Makran, Qallat, and States of K.P.K. Province acceded to Pakistan. In addition, the states of Junagadh and Manawader decided accession to Pakistan. However, some of these states, which wanted to accede to Pakistan or remained independent, were forcibly annexed by India. Hyderabad was a prosperous and densely populated state of India. Its population consisted of Hindu Majority but its ruler Nizam was a Muslim. The Nizam was inclined to make Hyderabad an independent state but India blockade the State entered the troops in Hyderabad and State was forcibly acceded to India by force. In addition, immediately after the Partition Plan was announced, the Congress leaders and the Rajas of the states neighboring Kashmir, especially those of the Patiala and Kapurthala started exerting pressure on the Maharaja of Kashmir for the accession of Kashmir to India, which he did. In this way, a larger portion of Kashmir territory was made a part of India, against the will of the majority of her population.
Q.2 iv) Discuss the points of the resolution of Security Council for the solution of Kashmir Issue?
Answer:
The Radcliff Award included the district of Gurdaspur in Indian territory at the time of partition, which gave access to Kashmir that was the only land routes that connected India with Kashmir passed through Pathan Kot, a Tehsil of district Gurdaspur. If Gurdaspur were not made part of India, there would be no land access for India to reach Kashmir. In January 1948, India took the issue to the United Nations and made a commitment to hold a referendum in Kashmir. The Security Council declared plebiscite as the only solution to decide the fate of Kashmir and passed two resolutions on 12 August 1948 and on 5 January 1949, which were accepted by both Pakistan and India Governments. Following are the main points of those resolutions:
- War may be stopped immediately and a cease-fire line may be drawn between held Kashmir and Azad Kashmir under the supervision of a United Nations Commission.
- Both the Governments may withdraw their troops from Kashmir.
- A referendum may be managed under the supervision of the United Nations.
Q.2 v) Discuss the Objective Resolution and its importance?
Answer:
The Objective Resolution is one of the most eminent documents in the constitutional history of Pakistan. It was the first and initial problem for Pakistan, after the division of the subcontinent, to decide the character and the constitution of Pakistan because the constitution is the sum of those laws, rules, and regulations through which administration of the state and rights and duties of the citizens are determined. Therefore, an eminent group of Ulama joined the hands to motivate the public in favour of an Islamic Constitution. Thus, the first legislative Assembly took the responsibility of framing the constitution and passed the Objective Resolution on March 12, 1949, under the leadership of Liaquat Ali Khan. It proclaimed that the future constitution of Pakistan would be modeled on the ideology and democratic faith of Islam. The Objective Resolution has great importance because it enforced the laws in the guidance of Islam in the country and fulfilled the needs of an ideal state. The Objective Resolution remained a part of all the successive constitutions as a preamble that was framed later on. This was made the part of Pakistan constitution of 1973.
Q.2 vi) How did Ayub Khan get success in election of 1965?
Answer:
In presidential election of 1965, Ayub Khan had competition with Miss Fatima Jinnah, the sister of Quaid-e-Azam. All the opposition parties were supporting Fatima Jinnah besides Council Muslim League, Jammat-e-lslami, Awami League, National Awami Party etc. In this election, Governors of East and West Pakistan, openly used apart from the Basic Democracy members, the Government Machinery in favour of Ayub Khan and against Fatima Jinnah. Fatima Jinnah was defeated in the election against Ayub Khan due to the illegal and immoral trickery, and Ayub Khan was declared successful. Effects of these elections on the future of Pakistan were not framed well.
Q.2 vii) What is the Tashkent Accord?
Answer:
The Tashkent Declaration was a peace agreement between India and Pakistan, which was signed on 10 January 1966 on the arbitration of Soviet Union that resolved the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965. This accord was signed between the Prime Minister of India Lai Bahadur Shastri and President of Pakistan Ayub Khan, at Tashkent (a city of Uzbekistan). Tashkent Conference was continued from 4 January to 10 January. Tashkent accord was consisting of 9-points. In those points besides other things, stress was given to solve the Mutual disputes between both the countries through dialogues.
Q.2 viii) How came the decline of Ayub Khan and start of the movement for democracy?
Answer:
The Pak-India war of 1965 weakened the country economically on one side and on the other side, this sense was developed in East Pakistan that during the war, the central government for the defense of East Pakistan made no satisfactory arrangements. Therefore, they started a political movement for provincial autonomy under the leadership of Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman. In West Pakistan, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto formed his own political party with the name of Pakistan People's Party in 1967, which launched a movement and gained popularity against Ayub Khan. In the meanwhile, the student's agitation spread over in both parts of the country. In addition, peasants, labour, lawyers and government servants joined the movement for democracy against the government. Ayub Khan also convened Round Table Conference for dialogue with political parties but this try was unsuccessful and at last, Ayub Khan had to leave the office. He entrusted authority to the Army Chief General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan.
Q.2 ix) Discuss the main points of Legal Frame Work Order (LFO)?
Answer:
General Yahya Khan ruled the country from 25 March 1969, to 20 December 1971. The military rule was lifted on 21 April 1972 when an interim constitution was promulgated. Martial law Government not only hold talks with political parties but also abolished the one unit and reinstated the old provinces. He under compulsion gave a formula, which was called the Legal framework order. A committee prepared this constitutional draft and the important points of the Legal Framework Order (LFO) were:
- Islamic ideology will be safeguarded in the future constitution.
- The Islamic Republic of Pakistan will be one federal Government, which will consist of all parts of the country.
- In the constitution, safety would be given to fundamental rights, adult franchise and freedom of judiciary.
- In the constitution maximum provincial autonomy would be given, however, the center will be strong.
- It was decided that equal opportunities would be provided to all citizen of the country for taking part in national life. In a short period through legislation, economic inequalities will be finished from all parts of Pakistan.
Q.2 x) What were the results of General elections of 1970?
Answer:
The Elections of 1970 are one of the memorable works of the General Yahya Khan. Polling for the National Assembly was held on 7 December and for Provincial Assembly on 17 December. For the first time, 63 small and major parties in the country took part in elections based on Adult Franchise. They gave their program and manifesto before the people; however, as per the result of Election, Awami league won 167 seats out of 169 seats in East Pakistan and in West Pakistan, People's Party won 87 seats out of 138. Pakistan People's Party failed to take any seat in East Pakistan and Awami League did not take any seat in West Pakistan. In West Pakistan, Pakistan People's Party got success in Punjab and Sind, while in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan National Awami Party and Jammat-e-Ulama Islam were succeeded.
Long Questions Pak Study Class 9 Notes in English Medium
Q.3 i) What do you know about the initial problems of Pakistan?
Answer:
The Islamic Republic of Pakistan came into being on 14th August 1947 with the help of Allah Almighty, but Indian National Congress did not accept the creation of Pakistan from the core of its heart. Therefore, Pakistan faced many problems after independence such as:
1) Administrative Problems:
The Non-Muslim Government officials previously working in the areas of Pakistan shifted to India in a large number. The offices were vacated. There was an acute shortage of items of furniture, stationery, and typewriters. Most of the offices started their function in the open air. While going to India, the Hindus destroyed the official record. It caused enormous difficulties in office work.
2) Distribution of Assets:
The Indian rulers did injustice in the proportional distribution of the assets too. At the time of partition, four hundred billion Rupees were deposited in “Reserve Bank” of United India. This amount was to be divided between both the countries. The proportional share of Pakistan was Rs 750 million but India issued an amount of Rs 700 million by the continuous demands of Pakistan. The remaining amount of Rs. 50 million is still to be paid by India. The representatives of both the countries held a meeting in November 1947 and an agreement was made. Both the countries confirmed the agreement but it has not been implemented so far.
3) Indus Basin Treaty:
The partition of the Sub-continent affected the natural flow of the rivers as Radcliffe handed the Headworks of the River Indus and its tributaries i.e. Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas of Pakistan to India. India took the revenge of division and stopped the water channel of these rivers in 1948, which destroyed the Hundred Acres crops of Pakistan. The supply of water was restored after the agreement, however, Pakistan took the issue to the United Nations for the permanent solution of the water. At least, with the help of the World Bank, the Indus Basin Treaty was brought between the two countries in 1960. According to this treaty, the eastern rivers, i.e. Sutlej, Bias, and Ravi came into the share of India, while three western Rivers, i.e. Chenab, Jhelum, and Indus were given to Pakistan.
4) Rehabilitation of Refugees:
After the establishment of Pakistan, the Muslims living in India decided to come into their new homeland as they found their lives unsafe in India. Millions of families migrated towards Pakistan and left all of their belongings in India. These homeless, ruined, miserable, and distressed Muslims were accommodated temporarily in refugee camps. Rehabilitation of the refugees was a great challenge because more than 6 million Muslims were uprooted from their homes and forced to migrate to Pakistan.
5) Constitution:
The most important problem for the newly established state was constitution making for the country because the Constitution is a set of rules and regulations through which administration of the state is run and the rights and duties of the citizens are determined. Therefore, Quadi-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah amended the British Government of India Act 1935 and Act of 1947 with certain amendments as an interim constitution. He also formed a Constituent Assembly for a new constituent.
6) Economic Problems:
The state of Pakistan faced great economic problems after its creation. The areas given to Pakistan in partition were backward in agriculture except for some districts. There was a lack of industries. Likewise, political crises and arrival of refugees further worsened the situation. However, the government of Pakistan controlled the situation with great responsibility.
Conclusion:
The subcontinent India was divided into two major states, i.e. India and Pakistan. Hindus never wanted to divide India. Therefore, they accepted the Partition as impractical and the existence of Pakistan as transitory. They created such great troubles for Pakistan that the new state would collapse. However, under the able leadership and guidance of Quaid-e-Azam and other Muslim Leaders, Pakistan overcame these problems very soon and stabilized its economy.
Q.3 ii) Discuss the causes of the enforcement of Martial Law by Ayub Khan.
Answer:
The constitution of 1956 had certain flaws. Many politicians tried to remedy through sincere efforts but unfortunately, it had been started exploiting by politicians for their personal interests. The first President of Pakistan Iskander Mirza only for his personal interest abrogated the constitution of 1956 and removed the Prime Minister Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy. He appointed Ministers and Chief Ministers on personal likes and dislikes, dissolved the legislatures, and banned the political parties. He promulgated martial law in the country on 8 October 1958 and appointed the army Chief General Ayub Khan as Chief Martial Law Administrator but only 20 days later General Ayub Khan forced Iskander Mirza to resign the office of President and was exiled. He himself assumed the power and political system was abolished accordingly.
Causes of Promulgation of Martial Law in Pakistan:
Martial law was promulgated in Pakistan on 8 October 1958 due to the certain reasons, which were:
1) Worst Economic Condition of the Country:
Political stability is necessary for the economic stability of the county, which was becoming worse in the country day by day. “Pakistan is an agricultural country” was the high claim of Government but even food items were also importing which on the one side was very costly and on the other side, there were drawbacks in the process of distribution. People were very worried due to this unequal distribution of food. Besides smuggling, black marketing and hoarding were also at the peak.
2) Political Disorder:
Political leaders with common people made efforts to move the country towards development when Pakistan came into being but up to 1957 political conditions of the country had been much deteriorated and the position of political differences was that different ministries of the Government were not functioning properly. Prime Ministers in the country were changing every day and the rulers postponed the election in the country for their own interest. There was a nominal parliamentary system in the country but the prime minister had no status. This state of affairs was creating the condition of tension in both parts of Pakistan i.e. East and West Pakistan and at last, the result of such political mismanagement came in the shape of the martial law.
3) Worst Trade Conditions:
The Trade condition was also affected badly like political and economic conditions. Profiteering and adulteration in foodstuff had been common. Pakistan currency was devalued and Pakistan became dependent on western countries for the completion of all developmental projects. In addition, industrial development was in very slow motion because strikes, lockouts, and industrial conflicts were the daily routine matters. As a result, the people become distrustful from the rulers.
4) Social Defects:
The effect of political and economic mismanagement in the country was creating sharply the feelings of strangeness. Provincial prejudice was enhancing. The distance between both parts of the country further spread over. Therefore, the people wished for a solid change, which may cause for the democracy, equality, economic and social happiness of the people.
5) Miscellaneous Problems:
The sense of responsibility was missing in the politician's role and bureaucracy along with the weaknesses in political institutions in the country. They preferred their own interests on the national and public interests. The Judiciary was also not commendable. Moreover, the pending problems of the country, for example, the rehabilitation of refugees, canal water dispute and the Kashmir issue remained unsolved and no one tried for their solution. In these circumstances, Iskander Mirza abolished the constitution and promulgated martial law in the country, which badly shocked the democratic process.
Conclusion:
Pakistan is a country, which has been largely ruined by civil and military dictators and they have enjoyed their terms one after another.
Fakhr e Alam
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